Attending COP29 was a profound experience that underscored both the scale and complexity of international climate negotiations. Over 60,000 people attended this COP, and nearly every country was represented. But the difficulty of attaining consensus from such a large and varied group was clear. Due to intense disagreements, discussions extended well past the scheduled deadline, with the possibility of no deal looming large.

My focus during the conference was on the negotiation tracks related to mitigation, or efforts at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Although the focus of the conference was on climate finance, mitigation also proved to be a particularly contentious topic, touching on the core of the climate crisis and the differing capacities and responsibilities of countries. Developed nations tended to push for higher standards, while developing nations highlighted issues of equity and historical responsibility, pivoting to finance and arguing for greater support to enable their transitions.

Through this process, I gained a deeper understanding of how climate change negotiations function at a granular level. The procedural aspects, such as drafting text, addressing bracketed disagreements, and achieving consensus, revealed the painstaking effort required to move even small steps forward. I also observed the complex national alignments that shape these discussions. Regional blocs, economic alliances, and historical ties often influenced positions, leading to shifting coalitions and moments of unexpected solidarity or opposition.

Attending COP transformed how I view global climate politics and international institutions more broadly. I’ll be paying close attention to COPs in years to come.